WHO. World Health Statistics. 2017 Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255336/1/9789241565486-eng.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2019.
Van der Sande MAB, Ceesay SM, Milligan PJM, Nyan OA, Banya WAS, Prentice A, McAdam KPWJ, and Walraven GEL. Obesity and undernutrition and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Gambian communities. Am J Public Health 2001;91(10): 1641–1644.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Popkin B. Dynamics of the nutrition transition and its implications for the developing world. Forum Nutr. 2003;56:262–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duda R, Jumah N, Hill A, Steffah J, Birtwum R. Assessment of the ideal body image of women in Accra. Ghana Trop Doct. 2007;37(4):241–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steyn K, Damasceno A. Lifestyle and related risk factors for chronic diseases. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, et al., editors. Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd edition [mongraph on the internet]. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2006 [cited 2017 May 10]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2290/.
Holdsworth M, Gartner A, Landais E, Maire B, Delpeuch F. Perceptions of healthy and desirable body size in urban Senegalese women. Int J Obes. 2004;28(12):1561–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1:11–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1257–64.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Rooney BL, Mathiason MA, Schauberger CW. Predictors of obesity in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in a birth cohort. Matern Child Health J. 2010;15(8):1166–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Fung C, Kuhle S, Lu C, Purcell M, Schwartz M, Storey K, et al. From « best practice » to « next practice »: the effectiveness of school-based health promotion in improving healthy eating and physical activity and preventing childhood obesity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:27.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reilly J, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35:891–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lawlor D, Benfield L, Logue J, Tilling K, Howe L, Fraser A, et al. Association between general and central adiposity in childhood, and change in these, with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c6224.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
The NS, Suchindran C, North KE, Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. Association of adolescent obesity with risk of severe obesity in adulthood. JAMA. 2010;304:2024–7 15.
Google Scholar
Cowan P, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Christensen M, Perez-Faustinelli S. Cardiovascular risk factors increase with obesity severity in African American youth with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Am J Med Sci. 2006;331(2):61–2.
Article
Google Scholar
Freedman DS, Dietz W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1175–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogulasa heart study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Harsha DW. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;699:93–103.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berenson GS, Wattigney WA, Tracy RE, Newman 3rd WP, Srinivasan SR, Webber LS, Dalferes ER, Strong SP. Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary-arteries and cardiovascular risk-factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (the Bogalusa heart study). Am J Cardiol 1992;70:851–858.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maggisano V, Chiaroti F, Botunac I, Campanella C, Gallietta G, Loizzo A. Adolescence as possible critical window for blood pressure short term monitoring in boys and girls. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:517–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:934–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gotzsche PC, Krleza-Jeric K et al. SPIRIT 2013 Statement:Defining Standard Protocol Items for Clinical trials. Ann InternalMed 2013;1-w-2.
Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Morn J, et al. AMSTAR 2: acriticalappraisaltolol for systematicreviewsthatincluderandomised and non-randomisedstudies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Muthuri SK, Francis CE, Wachira L-JM, LeBlanc AG, Sampson M, Onywera VO, et al. Evidence of an overweight/obesity transition among school-aged children and youth in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92846.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Field AE, Laird N, Steinberg E, Fallon E, Semega-Janneh M, Yanovski JA. Which metric of relative weight best captures body fatness in children? Obes Res. 2003;11(11):1345–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):978–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Yanovski JA, Freedman DS, Shepherd JA, Graubard BI, et al. High adiposity and high body mass index–for-age in US children and adolescents overall and by race-ethnic group. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):1020–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wellens RI, Roche AF, Khamis HJ, Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Siervogel RM. Relationships between the Body Mass Index and body composition. Obes Res. 1996;4(1):35–44 16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neovius M, Linné Y, Rossner S. BMI, waist-circumference and waist-hip-ratio as diagnostic tests for fatness in adolescents. Int J Obes. 2004;29(2):163–9.
Article
Google Scholar
WHO [homepage on the Internet] Child growth standard 2006 [cited 2017 May 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/childgrowth.
Butte NF, Garza C, de Onis M. Evaluation of the feasibility of international growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents. J Nutr. 2007;137:153–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, Mei Z, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data. 2000;314:1–27.
Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, Mugusi F, Mbanya J, Kitange H, et al. Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in the health research agenda? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:947–53.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shields M. Overweight Canadian children and adolescents. Health Rep. 2005;17:27–42.
Google Scholar
Gebremedhin S. Prevalence and differentials of overweight and obesity in preschool children in SubSaharan Africa. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e009005.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group. Joint child malnutrition estimates - Levels and trends in child malnutrition. 2017 [cited 2017 May 23]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/estimates2016/en/.
Manyanga T, El-Sayed H, Doku DT, Randal JR. The prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and associated risk factors among school-going adolescents in seven African countries. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:887.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dabone C, Delisle HF, Receveur O. Poor nutritional status of schoolchildren in urban and peri -urban areas of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Nutr J. 2011;10:34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kouéta F, Dao L, Dao F, Djekompté S, Sawadogo J, Diarra Y, Kam KL, Sawadogo A. Facteurs associés au surpoids et à l’obésité des élèves de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Sante. 2011;21:227–31.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choukem SP, Kamdeu-Chedeu J, Leary SD, Mboue-Djieka Y, Nebongo DN, Akazong C, et al. Overweight and obesity in children aged 3–13 years in urban Cameroon: a crosssectional study of prevalence and association with socio-economic status. BMC Obesity. 2017;4:7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teshome T, Singh P, Moges D. Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among high school adolescents in urban communities of Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci J. 2013;1(1):23–36.
Article
Google Scholar
Alemu E, Atnafu A, Yitayal M, Yimam K. Prevalence of Overweight and/or Obesity and Associated Factors among High School Adolescents in Arada Sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Nutr Food Sci. 2014;4:261 17.
Google Scholar
Askal T, Yifokr T, Bekri M, Getachew TG. Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and/or obesity among primary school children in bole Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Nutr Food Sci. 2015;5:5.
Google Scholar
Gebremichael B, Chere A. Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and its determinant factors among elementary school children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. J Nutr Disord Ther. 2015;S1:002.
Google Scholar
Shegaze M, Wondafrash M, Alemayehu AA, Mohammed S, Shewangezaw Z, Abdo M, Gendisha G. Magnitude and determinants of overweight and obesity among high school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Med Health, Biomed Bioeng Pharmaceutical Eng. 2016;10(4):215–21.
Google Scholar
Desalew CA, Mandesh A, Semahegn A. Childhood overweight, obesity and associated factors among primary school children in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study. BMC Obes. 2017;4:20.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kyallo F, Makokha A, Mwangi M. Overweight and obesity among public and private primary school children in Nairobi, Kenya. Health. 2013;5:85–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Morge V, Gaa PK, Abukari RNS. Overweight, obesity and thinness and associated factors among school-aged children (5–14 years) in Tamale, Northern Ghana. Eur Scientific J. 2013;9(20):160–75.
Google Scholar
Kumah DB, Akuffo KO, Abaka-Cann JE, Affram DE, Osae EA. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Students in the Kumasi Metropolis. J Nutrition Metabolism 2015;2015, Article ID 613207, 4 pages, doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/613207.
Article
Google Scholar
Mohammed H, Vuvor F. Prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity in basic School in Accra. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(3):124–7.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kramoh KE, N’goran YNK, Aké-Traboulsi E, Boka BC, Harding DE, Koffi DBJ, et al. Prévalence de l’obésité en milieu scolaire en Côte d’Ivoire. Ann Cardiol Angéiologie. 2012;61(3):145–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kamau J, Wanderi M, Njororai W, Wamukoya E. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children in Nairobi province, Kenya. Afr J Physical Activity Health Sci. 2011;17(2):67668.
Google Scholar
Van den Berg VL, Seheri L, Raubenheimer J. Body mass index of 16-year olds in urban Maseru, Lesotho. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2014;6(1):618.
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oumar H, Menta I, Camara Y, Sangaré I, Sidibé N, Doumbia S, Diarra MB. Surpoids et obésité dans la population au-dessus de 20 ans en milieu urbain bamakois (Mali). Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:351.
Google Scholar
Caleyachetty R, Rudnicka AR, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Siegel KR, Richards N, Whincup PH. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness in 9–10 year old children in Mauritius. Glob Health. 2012;8:28.
Article
Google Scholar
Ejike C. Child and adolescent obesity in nigeria: A narrative review of prevalence data from three decades (1983–2013). J Obes Metab Res. 2014;1(3):174 18.
Article
Google Scholar
Adam V, Isah J. Prevalence and comorbidities of childhood overweight and obesity among school aged children in an urban settlement in Benin City. Nigeria Niger J Paediatr. 2017;44(1):7.
Article
Google Scholar
Faye J, Diop M, Gati Ouonkoye R, Seck M, Mandengué S, Mbengue A, et al. Prévalence de l’obésité de l’enfant et de l’adolescent en milieu scolaire à Dakar. Bull Société Pathol Exot. 2011;104(1):49–52.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Stettler N, Bovet P, Shamlaye H, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Paccaud F. Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in children from Seychelles, a country in rapid transition: the importance of early growth. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(2):214–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Armstrong MEG, Lambert MI, Sharwood KA, Lambert EV. Obesity and overweight in south African primary school children – the health of the nation study. S Afr Med J. 2006;96:439–44.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toriola AL, Moselakgomo VK, Shaw BS, Goon DT. Overweight, obesity and underweight in rural black south African children. S Afr J Clin Nutr. 2012;25(2):57–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Tathiah N, Moodley I, Mubaiwa V, Denny L, Taylor M. Overweight, obesity, underweight and stunting in female primary school learners in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013;103(10):718.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pienaar AE. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children in a developing country: NW-CHILD longitudinal data of 6–9-yr-old children in South Africa. BMC Obesity. 2015;2:2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aisha AMB, Hoyem AA, Tagwa ME, Samia AS. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among the female students in basic school levels in Omdurman- Sudan. Sud Med Lab J. 2011;1(2):20–5.
Google Scholar
Nagwa MA, Elhussein AM, Azza M, Abdulhadi NH. Alarming high prevalence of overweight/obesity among Sudanese children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(3):409–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salman Z, Kirk GD, DeBoer MD. High rate of obesity-associated hypertension among primary schoolchildren in Sudan. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:629492.
Article
Google Scholar
El Raghi HA, Abdel-Aziz SB, Shalaby SF, El-Khider RK. Prevalence of obesity in mentally disabled children attending special special education Institutes in Khartoum State. J Childhood Obesity. 2016;1:1–8.
Google Scholar
Pangani IN, Kiplamai FK, Kamau JW, Onywera VO. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children aged 8?13 years in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Adv Prev Med. 2016;2016:1–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Kimario JT. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among school children in Moshi municipality, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Master’s dissertation. Ghent University; 2015. [cited 2017 May 25]. Available from http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/217/238/RUG01-002217238_2015_0001_AC.pdf.
Chebet M, Nsibambi C, Otala J, Goon DT. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children in Kampala central, Uganda. Afr J Physical Health Education, Recreation Dance. 2014;20(4):1365–78 19.
Google Scholar
Nsibambi CAN. Body composition analysis of pupils in urban schools in Central Uganda. Int J Bus Soc Sci. 2013;4(7):135–41.
Google Scholar
Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Overweight and obesity and associated factors among school-aged adolescents in Ghana and Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(12):3859–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307:483–90.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tremblay M, Katzmarzyk P, Willms J. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981-1996. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:538–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nyawornota V, Aryeetey R, Bosomprah S, Aikins M. An exploratory study of physical activity and over-weight in two senior high schools in the Accra Metropolis. Ghana Med J. 2013;47(4):197–203.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Kho ME, Saunders TJ, Larouche R, Colley RC, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:98.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. J Nutr. 2001;131:871S–3S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guptha N, Goel K, Shah P, Mishra A. Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocr Rev. 2012;33:48–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:S9–S30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Story M, Hayes M, Kalina B. Availability of foods in high schools: is there cause for concern? J Acad Nutr Diet. 1996;96(2):123.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet Lond Engl. 2002;360(9331):473–82.
Article
Google Scholar
Feeley A, Musenge E, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. Changes in dietary habits and eating practices in adolescents living in urban South Africa: the birth to twenty cohort. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. 2012;28(7–8):e1–6.
Google Scholar
Dinsa GD, Goryakin Y, Fumagalli E, Suhrcke M. Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2012;13(11):1067–79.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fruhstorfer BH, Mousoulis C, Uthman OA, Robertson W. Socio-economic status and overweight or obesity among school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa - a systematic review. Clin Obes. 2016;6(1):19–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Omigbodun OO, Adediran KI, Akinyemi JO, Omigbodun AO, Adedokun BO, Esan O. Gender and rural-urban differences in the nutritional status of in-school adolescents in South-Western Nigeria. J Biosoc Sci. 2010;42(5):653–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tchoubi S, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Noubiap JJN, Asangbeh SL, Nkoum BA, Sobngwi E. Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among children aged 6–59 months in Cameroon: 20 a multistage, stratified cluster sampling Nationwide survey. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143215.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Gewa CA. Childhood overweight and obesity among Kenyan pre-school children: association with maternal and early child nutritional factors. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(4):496–503.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choukem S-P, Njim T, Atashili J, Hamilton-Shield JP, Mbu R. High birth weight in a suburban hospital in Cameroon: an analysis of the clinical cut-off, prevalence, predictors and adverse outcomes. BMJ Open. 2016;6(6):e011517.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kodzi IA, Kravdal Ø. What has high fertility got to do with the low birth weight problem in Africa? Demogr Res. 2013;28:713–32.
Article
Google Scholar
de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the third National Health and nutrition examination survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zimmet P, Alberti K, George MM, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:299–306.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels SR, Arnett DK, Eckel RH, Gidding SS, Hayman LL, Kumanyika S, et al. Overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation. 2005;111:1999–2012.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:62–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsha T, Hassan S, Bhata A, Yako Y, Fanampe B, Somers A, et al. Metabolic syndrome in 10-16-year-old learners from the Western cape, South Africa: comparison of the NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(2):363–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chedjou-Nono E, Sap S, Choukem SP, Ngosso Tetanye I, Nebongo D, Koki NO. Cardiometabolic profile of obese children in a sub-Saharan African setting: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17:129.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Osman HAM, Elsadek N, Abdullah MA. Type 2 diabetes in Sudanese children and adolescents. Sudan J Paediatr. 2013;13(2):17–23.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sekokotla MA, Goswami N, Sewani-Rusike CR, Iputo JE, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents living in Mthatha, South Africa. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:131–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Ekure EN, Adeniyi OF. Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):616.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Birch L, Perry R, Hunt LP, Matson RIB, Chong A, Beynon R, Hamilton-Shield J. What change in body mass index is associated with improvement in percentage body fat in childhood obesity? A meta-regression. BMJ Open. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028231.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oude Luttikhuis H, Baur L, Jansen H, Shrewsbury VA, O’Malley C, Stolk RP, Summerbell CD. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD001872 21.
Google Scholar
Ford AL, Hunt LP, Cooper A, Shield JP. What reduction in BMI SDS is required in obese adolescents to improve body composition and cardiometabolic health? Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(4):256–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
WHO. Resolution WHA65.6. WHO comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. Maternal, infant and young child nutrition. In: Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 21–26 May. Resolutions and decisions annexes. Geneva: WHO; 2012.
Google Scholar
Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM, Vikram NK, Wasir JS, Chadha D, Joshi SR, Sadikot S, Gupta R, Gulati S, Munjal YP. Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:163–70.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
Google Scholar
Murnan J, Price JH, Telljohann SK, Dake JA, Boardley D. Parents’ perceptions of curricular issues affecting children’s weight in elementary schools. J Sch Health. 2006;76:502–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fogelholm M, Nuutinen O, Pasanen M, Myohanen E, Saatela T. Parent-child relationship of physical activity patterns and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1262–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Draper CE, de Villiers A, Lambert EV, Fourie J, Hill J, Dalais L, Abrahams Z, Steyn NP. Study protocol HealthKick: a nutrition and physical activity intervention for primary schools in low-income settings. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:398.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Anonymous 2008 [monograph on the internet cited 2017 May 13]. http://www.world-heart-federation.org/fileadmin/user_upload/images/members_area/Workshops/2009_June_healthy_lifestyles_for_Children_Geneva/initial%20report%20on%20children%20programmes%202008.pdf. World Heart Federation.
Nemours Kids Health from Nemours. Healthy Eating 2009[cited 2017 May 25]. http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/habits.html.
Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 1998;1:33–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar