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  1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been the standard test for diagnosing central precocious puberty. Because GnRH is no longer available, GnRH analogues (GnRHa) are now used. Random LH concentration, me...

    Authors: Parvin Yazdani, Yuezhen Lin, Vandana Raman and Morey Haymond
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:23
  2. Few studies have compared the response to growth hormone (GH) treatment between indications such as isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), born small for gestational age (SGA), idiopathic short stature (IS...

    Authors: Peter A Lee, Lars Sävendahl, Isabelle Oliver, Maithé Tauber, Oliver Blankenstein, Judith Ross, Marta Snajderova, Viatcheslav Rakov, Birgitte Tønnes Pedersen and Henrik Thybo Christesen
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:22
  3. Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare metabolic disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 500,000 live births. The management of NDM is challenging, as the benefits of controlling hyperglycemia must be balan...

    Authors: Emmanuelle S Topiol, Laurie A Minarich, Charles A Williams, Roberto T Zori, David W Kays and Michael J Haller
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:21
  4. PHACE is a neurocutaneous syndrome associated with: Posterior fossa brain malformations, large “segmental” facial hemangiomas, arterial cerebrovascular-, cardiovascular-, and eye anomalies.

    Authors: Friederike Denzer, Christian Denzer, Belinda S Lennerz, Harald Bode and Martin Wabitsch
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:20
  5. Hypoglycemia is a common complication of insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus and can occur in any patient with diabetes when glucose consumption exceeds supply. Many studies have been done to elucida...

    Authors: Kimberly E Lehecka, Venkat S Renukuntla and Rubina A Heptulla
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:19
  6. Infants with diabetes insipidus (DI), especially those with impaired thirst mechanism or hypothalamic hyperphagia, are prone to severe sodium fluctuations, often requiring hospitalization. We aimed to avoid da...

    Authors: Shihab Hameed, Abel C Mendoza-Cruz, Kristen A Neville, Helen J Woodhead, Jan L Walker and Charles F Verge
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:18
  7. The testicular volumes obtained with the clinical methods, calculated using the ellipsoid equation W2 x L x π/6, correlate with those obtained by ultrasound (US) and are useful clinically, but overestimate ultras...

    Authors: Juan F Sotos and Naomi J Tokar
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:17
  8. Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder characterized by phenotypic features, including facial dysmorphology, cardiovascular anomalies, and short stature. Growth hormone (GH) has been approved by the United...

    Authors: Peter A Lee, Judith Ross, John A Germak and Robert Gut
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:15
  9. First-degree relatives (FDRs) of women with PCOS are at increased risk for impaired insulin sensitivity and diabetes mellitus. Glucose tolerant FDR have evidence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia prio...

    Authors: Nouhad Raissouni, Andrey Kolesnikov, Radhika Purushothaman, Sunil Sinha, Sonal Bhandari, Amrit Bhangoo, Shahid Malik, Revi Mathew, Jean-Patrice Baillargeon, Maria Isabel Hernandez, Michael Rosenbaum, Svetlana Ten and David Geller
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:14
  10. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH) is a generally benign disorder caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) gene resulting in altered calcium metabolism.

    Authors: Ksenia N Tonyushkina, Stephen O’Connor and Nancy S Dunbar
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:13
  11. The term small for gestational age (SGA) refers to infants whose birth weights and/or lengths are at least two standard deviation (SD) units less than the mean for gestational age. This condition affects appro...

    Authors: Paul Saenger and Edward Reiter
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:12
  12. Approximately 10% of children born small for their gestational age (SGA) fail to show catch-up growth and may remain short-statured as adults. Despite treatment guidelines for children born SGA that recommend ...

    Authors: Christopher P Houk and Peter A Lee
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:11
  13. Non-invasive screening investigations are rarely used for assessing the activation and progression of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis through puberty. This study aimed to establish a normal range for u...

    Authors: Jane D McNeilly, Avril Mason, Sheila Khanna, Peter J Galloway and S Faisal Ahmed
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:10
  14. The principal questions about the vitamin D topic are far to be resolved: in which children 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood testing is appropriate and how much cholecalciferol should be given in the absence of the t...

    Authors: Stefano Mazzoleni, Daniela Toderini and Chiara Boscardin
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:7
  15. Pediatric risk factors predict adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but whether they predict events independently of adult risk factors is not fully known.

    Authors: John A Morrison, Charles J Glueck, Jessica G Woo and Ping Wang
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:6
  16. Turner Syndrome women are at high risk of vascular disease and the assessment of early risk factors in Turner Syndrome girls is an emerging focus of research. Our objective was to evaluate endothelial function...

    Authors: Clodagh S O'Gorman, Catriona Syme, Tim Bradley, Jill Hamilton and Farid H Mahmud
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:5
  17. Increasing obesity and poor cardiovascular fitness (CVF) contribute to higher rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children. While the relative contributions of fitness and body fat on development of in...

    Authors: Vanessa A Curtis, Aaron L Carrel, Jens C Eickhoff and David B Allen
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:4
  18. Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (NSIAD) is a novel disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), which results in water overload and hyponatremia. We re...

    Authors: Clement C Cheung, Melissa A Cadnapaphornchai, Sayali A Ranadive, Stephen E Gitelman and Stephen M Rosenthal
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:3
  19. Most research concerning congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and related conditions caused by primary adrenal insufficiency, such as Addison's or Cushing's disease, has focused on medical aspects rather than ...

    Authors: Sarita A Sanches, Therese A Wiegers, Barto J Otten and Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 2012:2
  20. Many investigators are concerned that the modes of implementation and enforcement of the federal regulations designed to protect children are unduly impeding pediatric clinical research.

    Authors: Robert J Levine, Myron Genel, Leona Cuttler, Dorothy J Becker, Lynnette Nieman and Robert L Rosenfield
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:19
  21. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) with/or without septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a known concomitant of congenital growth hormone deficiency (CGHD).

    Authors: Amy M Vedin, Hanna Karlsson, Cassandra Fink, Mark Borchert and Mitchell E Geffner
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:17
  22. The current study sought to compare levels of overprotection and parenting stress reported by caregivers of children with disorders of sex development at four different developmental stages.

    Authors: Stephanie E Hullmann, David A Fedele, Cortney Wolfe-Christensen, Larry L Mullins and Amy B Wisniewski
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:16
  23. Children with type 1 diabetes (DM1) often use three daily (TID) injections with intermediate acting insulin at breakfast and bedtime, and rapid acting insulin at breakfast and dinner. Substituting the evening ...

    Authors: Josephine Ho, Carol Huang, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre and Danièle Pacaud
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:15
  24. The goal of iodine-131 therapy for pediatric Graves' disease is to induce hypothyroidism. However, changes in post-treatment thyroid volume have not been investigated in pediatric and/or adolescent patients.

    Authors: Nobuhiro Nakatake, Shuji Fukata and Junichi Tajiri
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:14
  25. Adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, yet the etiologies remain elusive. Early detection of derangements in bone biomarkers during adolescence...

    Authors: Jill H Simmons, Miranda Raines, Kathryn D Ness, Randon Hall, Tebeb Gebretsadik, Subburaman Mohan and Anna Spagnoli
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:13
  26. The advent of sensitive genetic testing modalities for the diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome has helped to define not only the phenotypic features of the syndrome associated with the various genotypes but als...

    Authors: Mary Cataletto, Moris Angulo, Gila Hertz and Barbara Whitman
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:12
  27. CHARGE is a phenotypically heterogeneous autosomal dominant disorder recognized as a cohesive syndrome since the identification of CHD7 as a genetic etiology. Classic features include: Coloboma, Heart defects, At...

    Authors: Shobhit Jain, Hyung-Goo Kim, Felicitas Lacbawan, Irene Meliciani, Wolfgang Wenzel, Ingo Kurth, Josefina Sharma, Morris Schoeneman, Svetlana Ten, Lawrence C Layman and Elka Jacobson-Dickman
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:11
  28. Clinical research on psychological aspects of disorders of sex development (DSD) has focused on psychosexual differentiation with relatively little attention directed toward parents' experiences of early clini...

    Authors: Halley P Crissman, Lauren Warner, Melissa Gardner, Meagan Carr, Aileen Schast, Alexandra L Quittner, Barry Kogan and David E Sandberg
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:10
  29. PCOS, a heterogeneous disorder characterized by cystic ovarian morphology, androgen excess, and/or irregular periods, emerges during or shortly after puberty. Peri- and post-pubertal obesity, insulin resistanc...

    Authors: David H Geller, Danièle Pacaud, Catherine M Gordon and Madhusmita Misra
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:9
  30. Cardiac failure is an uncommon complication of juvenile hyperthyroidism. We describe an adolescent boy with Graves' disease who developed manifestations of heart failure while on antithyroid medications. There...

    Authors: Ganesh Jevalikar, Priyanka Gupta, Vijayalakshmi Bhatia, Aditya Kapoor and Sanjay Gambhir
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:8
  31. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) are the treatment of choice for CPP. We investigated growth in GnRHa-naïve subjects, treated with leuprolide acetate 1-month depot for CPP.

    Authors: Peter A Lee, E Kirk Neely, John Fuqua, Di Yang, Lois M Larsen, Cynthia Mattia-Goldberg and Kristof Chwalisz
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:7
  32. To identify factors associated with growth in children on growth hormone (GH) therapy using data from the American Norditropin Studies: Web-enabled Research (ANSWER) Program® registry.

    Authors: Peter A Lee, John Germak, Robert Gut, Naum Khutoryansky and Judith Ross
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:6
  33. Isolated hypocortisolism due to ACTH deficiency is a rare condition that can be caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Loss of function mutations ...

    Authors: Meenal S Mendiratta, Yaping Yang, Andrea E Balazs, Alecia S Willis, Christine M Eng, Lefkothea P Karaviti and Lorraine Potocki
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:5
  34. Vitamin D deficiency and rickets in developing countries continues to be a major health problem. Additionally, the increase of cases of rickets in children of some ethnic groups in the United States and Europe...

    Authors: Gul Yesiltepe Mutlu, Yusuf Kusdal, Elif Ozsu, Filiz M Cizmecioglu and Sukru Hatun
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:4
  35. Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare syndrome of reduced responsiveness of target tissues to thyroid hormone and is caused mutation in the thyroid β receptor gene. We report a novel mutation, E445X, c...

    Authors: Karina T Canadas, Scott A Rivkees, Robert Udelsman and Christopher K Breuer
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:3
  36. The age of puberty has fallen over the past 130 years in industrialized, western countries, and this fall is widely referred to as the secular trend for earlier puberty. The current study was undertaken to tes...

    Authors: Ze'ev Hochberg, Aneta Gawlik and Robert S Walker
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:2
  37. Background. It is well acknowledged that glucocorticoid (GC) replacement can unmask diabetes insipidus (DI) in subjects with hypopituitarism. Objective. To increase the awareness and monitoring for transient and ...

    Authors: Mala Puri, Anita Azam and Karen J. Loechner
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:817954
  38. Graves' disease is less common in prepubertal than pubertal children, and initial presentation with thyroid storm is rare. We report an 11-year-old prepubertal Hispanic girl who presented with a one-day histor...

    Authors: Ivy R. Aslan, Elizabeth A. Baca, R. William Charlton and Stephen M. Rosenthal
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:138903
  39. Objectives. To investigate whether lifestyle-only intervention in obese children who maintain or lose a modest amount of weight redistributes parameters of body composition and reverses metabolic abnormalities. S...

    Authors: Henry Marcano, Maricelia Fernández, Mariela Paoli, Mercedes Santomauro, Nolis Camacho, Rosanna Cichetti, Zarela Molina, Lenin Valeri and Roberto Lanes
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:241703
  40. Objective. To assess the effect of combined diazoxide-metformin therapy in obese adolescents treated for craniopharyngioma. Design. A prospective open-label 6-month pilot treatment trial in 9 obese subjects with ...

    Authors: Jill K Hamilton, Louise S Conwell, Catriona Syme, Alexandra Ahmet, Allison Jeffery and Denis Daneman
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:417949
  41. Hereditary medullary thyroid cancer is an aggressive cancer for which there is no standard effective systemic therapy, but which can be prevented through genetic screening and prophylactic thyroidectomy. Altho...

    Authors: M. Sara Rosenthal and Douglas S. Diekema
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2011:847603
  42. Premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis manifests as gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. The mechanisms behind HPG activation are complex and a clear etiology for early act...

    Authors: Matthew D. Stephen, Peter E. Zage and Steven G. Waguespack
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2010:184502
  43. Methods. This prospective US multicenter trial of leuprolide acetate 1-month depot (7.5–15 mg) for central precocious puberty utilized an open-label treatment period, long-term follow-up, and adult callback. Fort...

    Authors: E. Kirk Neely, Peter A. Lee, Clifford A. Bloch, Lois Larsen, Di Yang, Cynthia Mattia-Goldberg and Kristof Chwalisz
    Citation: International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2011 2010:398639