Table 2 Change between baseline (V1) and 2-year follow-up (V2) within T1D and non-DM
From: Changes in diet and physical activity in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes over time
T1D | Non-DM | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Change | Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Change | |
Diet | ||||||
Meals/day | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | -0.1 ± 7.5** | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | -0.06 ± 0.6 |
Snacks/day | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | -0.05 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | -0.01 ± 1.2 |
Breakfast# | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 0.45 ± 1.7** | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 0.15 ± 1.7 |
Vegetables# | 2.8 ± 1.1* | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 0.87 ± 1.5** | 3.1 ± 1.2* | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 0.69 ± 1.3** |
Fruit# | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 0.89 ± 1.4** | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 0.85 ± 1.6** |
Sugary beverages# | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.7 ± 1.7* | 0.06 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 1.7* | 0.45 ± 2.2 |
Restaurant meals# | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | -0.44 ± 1.9** | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | -0.34 ± 2.3 |
Fried foods# | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 0.41 ± 1.7** | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.27 ± 1.6 |
Sweets/Desserts# | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 0.11 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.18 ± 1.9 |
Physical activity (PA) | ||||||
PA days/week | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | -0.29 ± 2.2 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | -0.41 ± 2.3 |
PA hours/day | 1.8 ± 1.2* | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 0.35 ± 1.6** | 1.5 ± 0.8* | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 0.43 ± 1.2** |
PA level† | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.06 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.12 ± 0.7 |
Screen time | ||||||
Computer hours+ | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 0.98 ± 2.6** | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 0.61 ± 1.9** |
TV hours+ | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 1.7 | -0.12 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 0.14 ± 1.5 |
Video games hours+ | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | -0.08 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | -0.04 ± 1.1 |
Total screen time+ | 4.3 ± 3.3 | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 0.78 ± 3.3** | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 3.0 | 0.7 ± 2.4** |
Anthropometric | ||||||
BMI z-score | 0.6 ± 0.8* | 0.5 ± 0.8* | -0.04 ± 0.56 | 0.2 ± 1.1* | 0.2 ± 1.1* | 0.04 ± 0.46 |