Table 1 Study characteristics of the 10 studies that met inclusion criteria.
Lead author, year (ref) | Sample size | Frequency and mode of data transmission and feedback | Duration (months) | Cointerventions | Frequency of clinic visits (months) | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cadario, 2007 [9] | 28 | 2 weeks via modem, clinician within 1 week | 6 | None | 3 | RCT |
Chase, 2000 [10] | 70 | 2 weeks via modem, clinician by telephone | 6 | None | 3 (TM group did not attend at 3 months) | RCT |
Gay, 2006 [11] | 100 | 2 weeks, printout of glucometer data faxed, pediatric endocrinologist advice by mail or phone within 5 days | 6 | None | 3 | RCT |
Howe, 2005 [12] | 75 | TM plus ED: weekly phone calls for 3 months, then bimonthly for 3 months with diabetes nurse educator | 6 | Education session | 3 | RCT, 3-arms |
Izquierdo, 2009 [13] | 41 | Monthly videoconference with immediate feedback | 12 | Education modules | 3 | RCT, randomization at the school level |
Lawson, 2005 [14] | 46 | Weekly telephone contact with diabetes nurse educator | 6 | None | 3 | RCT, single-blinded, parallel design |
Marrero, 1995 [15] | 106 | 2 weeks, data management system reviewed by clinician, feedback frequency determined by algorithms | 12 | None | 3 | RCT, repeated measures design |
Nunn, 2006 [16] | 123 | Bimonthly phone calls with nurse educator | 5–8 | Educational program by phone using written material and illustrations | 3 | RCT |
Panagiotopoulos, 2003 [17] | 50 | Phone contact with educator 1-2 times weekly | 6 | Education provided during calls and teen issues addressed | 6 | RCT |
Rami, 2006 [18] | 36 | Every BG checked or at least daily via short message service (SMS), reviewed weekly by diabetologist with SMS feedback | 3 | None | 3 | Randomized cross-over trial |