Table 1 Transient and permanent causes of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia

1. Transient causes of HH

 • Maternal diabetes mellitus (gestational and insulin-dependent)

 • Use of maternal intravenous dextrose during labour

 • Intrauterine growth restriction

 • Perinatal asphyxia

 • Rhesus isoimmunisation

2. Genetic causes of HH

 • Channelopathies

  ○ ABCC8

  ○ KCNJ11

 • Metabolopathies

  ○ GLUD1

  ○ HADH

  ○ GCK

  ○ SLC16A1

  ○ HNF1A

  ○ HNF4A

  ○ UCP2

  ○ HK1

  ○ PGM1

  ○ PMM2

3. Metabolic causes of HH

 • Congenital disorders of glycosylation

 • Tyrosinaemia type 1

4. Syndromic causes of HH

 • Beckwith-Wiedemann

 • Kabuki

 • Trisomy 13

 • Central hypoventilation syndrome

 • Leprechaunism (insulin resistance syndrome)

 • Mosaic Turner

 • Sotos

 • Usher

 • Timothy

 • Costello

5. Miscellaneous causes of HH

 • Postprandial HH

  ▪ Insulin gene receptor mutation

  ▪ Dumping syndrome

  ▪ Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycaemia syndrome (adults)

  ▪ Insulin autoimmune syndrome (mostly adults)

  ▪ Bariatric surgery (adults)

  ▪ Insulinoma

 • Non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia (adults)

 • Factitious hypoglycaemia

 • Drug-induced