Table 2 Baseline clinical characteristics of group 2 children from Japan, Thailand, Italy, and the USA

Age

12.5 ± 0.1

13.1 ± 0.0

12.3 ± 0.0

13.1 ± 0.2

12.6 ± 0.1

13.0 ± 0.0

12.3 ± 0.0

13.3 ± 0.2

Height (cm)

155.6 ± 0.8^b,c

159.2 ± 0.5

154.9 ± 0.7^d

159.6 ± 2.0

153.2 ± 0.6^c

154.0 ± 0.4

154.9 ± 0.6

156.5 ± 1.0

Weight (kg)

45.6 ± 1.0^b,c

55.3 ± 0.9

48.9 ± 0.9^d,e

58.1 ± 2.6

44.4 ± 1.0^b,c

49.9 ± 0.9^f

46.7 ± 0.8^e

58.4 ± 2.5

BMI

18.7 ± 0.3^a,b,c

21.8 ± 0.3

20.2 ± 0.3^d,e

22.4 ± 0.7

18.8 ± 0.3^b,c

21.0 ± 0.3^f

19.3 ± 0.2^e

23.6 ± 0.9

Waist (cm)

66.4 ± 0.8

76.8 ± 13.0

NT

68.6 ± 12.0

61.8 ± 1.0

68.4 ± 10.0

NT

67.1 ± 12.1

Systolic B.P. (mmHg)

112 ± 1.5^b,c

116 ± 0.8^f

110. ± 1.0^d,e

122 ± 1.4

109 ± 1.5^c

111 ± 0.7

108 ± 1.2^e

115 ± 1.5

Diastolic B.P. (mmHg)

60 ± 0.8^b,c

68 ± 0.6^f

60 ± 0.7^d,e

64 ± 1.1

59 ± 0.9^a,b

69 ± 0.5^f

62 ± 0.9^d

62 ± 1.0

HDL-C (mg/dl)

64.6 ± 1.4^b,c

60.6 ± 0.8^f

60.9 ± 0.9^e

41.8 ± 1.2

64.0 ± 1.3^a,b,c

60.4 ± 0.8^f

59.5 ± 0.8^e

42.2 ± 1.5

TG (mg/dl)

57.4 ± 3.4^a,b,c

73.5 ± 2.8^f

57.3 ± 2.6^d,e

105.0 ± 6.5

69.4 ± 3.3^c

70.8 ± 1.8^f

66.1 ± 2.3^e

111.9 ± 7.7

Insulin (μU/ml)

8.3 ± 0.6^a,c

10.1 ± 0.7^f

12.8 ± 0.8^d

14.3 ± 1.4

9.0 ± 0.6^a,c

9.0 ± 0.5^f

15.5 ± 0.6^d,e

23.1 ± 2.8

Glucose (mg/dl)

92.8 ± 0.6

92.6 ± 0.4

90.5 ± 6.0^d

91.7 ± 1.2

92.9 ± 0.7^a,b,c

89.5 ± 0.5

89.5 ± 0.5

89.2 ± 1.0

HOMA-IR

1.95 ± 0.15^a,c

2.35 ± 0.18^f

2.91 ± 0.19

3.28 ± 0.33

2.10 ± 0.15^a,c

2.03 ± 0.13^f

3.45 ± 0.14^d,e

5.26 ± 0.7

Adiponectin (μg/ml)

10.7 ± 0.5^a

10.2 ± 0.4^f

12.8 ± 0.4^d

13.0 ± 1.0

11.0 ± 0.4^a,c

12.0 ± 0.4

13.6 ± 0.4^d

13.2 ± 1.0

Resistin (μg/ml)

14.8 ± 0.8^a,b,c

19.4 ± 1.3^f

9.9 ± 0.3^d

9.1 ± 0.6

16.4 ± 1.2^a,c

20.4 ± 1.6^f

11.3 ± 0.4^d

10.3 ± 0.6