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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of group 1 children from Japan, Italy, and the USA

From: Adiponectin/resistin levels and insulin resistance in children: a four country comparison study

 

Males

Females

 

Japan

Italy

USA

Japan

Italy

USA

n

411

220

55

341

164

43

Age

9.5 ± 0.0

9.4 ± 0.0

9.2 ± 0.1

9.6 ± 0.0

9.6 ± 0.0

9.6 ± 0.2

Height (cm)

135.4 ± 0.3a,b

138.3 ± 0.5

138.0 ± 1.3

135.9 ± 0.4a,b

138.8 ± 0.6c

143.2 ± 1.4

Weight (kg)

32.8 ± 0.4a,b

34.8 ± 0.5c

41.0 ± 1.9

32.1 ± 0.4a,b

34.5 ± 0.5c

43.2 ± 1.9

BMI

17.7 ± 0.2b

18.0 ± 0.2c

21.1 ± 0.7

17.2 ± 0.1a,b

17.9 ± 0.2c

20.8 ± 0.7

Waist (cm)

60.6 ± 0.9

NT

68.6 ± 12.0

58.2 ± 0.4

NT

67.1 ± 12.1

Systolic B.P. (mmHg)

108 ± 0.7a,b

99.0 ± 0.9c

113 ± 1.5

109 ± 0.7a,b

98 ± 0.8c

115 ± 1.4

Diastolic B.P. (mmHg)

58 ± 0.4

58 ± 0.8

60 ± 1.2

58 ± 0.4b

59 ± 0.8c

64 ± 1.2

HDL-C (mg/dl)

66.5 ± 0.6a,b

61.5 ± 0.8c

45.1 ± 1.5

65.0 ± 0.6a,b

60.2 ± 0.8c

48.3 ± 3.5

TG (mg/dl)

67.1 ± 2.2a,b

52.8 ± 2.1c

105.0 ± 6.5

75.8 ± 2.3a,b

61.7 ± 2.2c

116.9 ± 7.6

Insulin (μU/ml)

6.1 ± 0.6a,b

9.6 ± 0.4

11.2 ± 2.0

7.9 ± 0.5a,b

12.0 ± 0.5c

18.0 ± 2.5

Glucose (mg/dl)

91.1 ± 0.5a

87.9 ± 0.6

90.1 ± 0.9

90.3 ± 0.5b

86.7 ± 0.5

89.1 ± 1.5

HOMA-IR

1.41 ± 0.15a,b

2.11 ± 0.10

2.51 ± 0.45

1.79 ± 0.11a,b

2.59 ± 0.12c

4.16 ± 0.6

Adiponectin (μg/ml)

12.0 ± 0.4a,b

14.0 ± 0.4

14.0 ± 0.7

13.2 ± 0.4a

14.9 ± 0.4

14.6 ± 1.0

Resistin (μg/ml)

9.1 ± 0.5

10.1 ± 0.3c

8.4 ± 0.3

10.6 ± 0.5

10.8 ± 0.3

9.1 ± 0.6

  1. Each value indicates mean ± S.E. (standard error).
  2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare all parameters among children from different countries.
  3. The a, b, c mean p < 0.05 between Japan and Italy (a), Japan and USA (b), and Italy and USA (c).
  4. BMI, body mass index; B.P., blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; NT, not tested.