From: Intrauterine growth restriction and hypospadias: is there a connection?
Study (year) | Dataset location (years) | Number of subjects with hypospadias | Definition | Findings | Other positive associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen (1971) [43] | Children’s Hospital of Michigan (1961–1967) | 50 | NA | Mean birth weight: hypospadias 2.7 kg, expected 3.3 kg | Parity |
p < 0.001 | |||||
Sweet (1974) [2] | Rochester, Minnesota, USA (1940–1970) | 113 | LBW: <2500 g | Presence of LBW in hypospadias 9% |  |
Control 2% | |||||
No p value given | |||||
Kallen (1982) [44] | Sweden (1965–1979) | 1357 | LBW: <2500 g | Presence of LBW in hypospadias 8.5%, Expected 4.2% | Prematurity |
p < 0.001 | |||||
Calzolari (1986) [45] | Emilia Romagna, Italy (1978–1983) | 168 | NA | Mean birth weight: hypospadias 2.97 kg, Controls 3.39 kg | Mother’s age at menarche, threatened abortion, use of progestins in pregnancy, gestational age |
p < 0.001 | |||||
Kallen (1986) [46] | Multiple: Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, South America, Spain, Sweden (years vary 1967–1982) | 7491 | LBW: <2500 g | Presence of hypospadias in LBW: | Maternal age, parity, gestational age, twin pregnancy |
RR 1.8-2.3 (varied by country) | |||||
Khoury (1988) [35] | Atlanta, Georgia, USA (1975–1984) | 1111 | IUGR: <10 percentile birth weight for gestational age | Presence of IUGR in hypospadias: | Not evaluated |
RR (95% CI): 2.7 (2.3-3.1) | |||||
Stoll (1990) [47] | Alsace, France (1979–1987) | 176 | NA | Mean birth weight: hypospadias 3.19 kg, controls 3.3 kg | Placental weight |
OR 2.05 (95% CI 0.73-5.74) | |||||
Mili (1991) [36] | Atlanta, Georgia, USA (1978–1988) | 919 | NA | Presence of hypospadias in LBW: | Not evaluated |
Adjusted RR: | |||||
<1500Â g: 3.3 | |||||
1500-1999Â g: 3.3 | |||||
2000-2499Â g: 2.2 | |||||
Riley (1998) [37] | Victoria, Australia (1983–1995) | 2012 | LBW <2500 g | Presence of LBW in hypospadias: |  |
RR (95% CI): 2.23 (1.88-2.65) | |||||
Akre (1999) [48] | Sweden (1983–1993) | 1220 | NA | Presence of LBW in hypospadias: Adjusted OR (95% CI): | Maternal age, parity, severe pre-eclampsia, other congenital malformations |
<1500Â g: 6.02 (2.51-14.41) | |||||
1500-2500Â g: 2.57 (1.71-3.85) | |||||
Weidner (1999) [49] | Denmark (1983–1992) | 1345 | NA | Presence of LBW in hypospadias: Adjusted OR (95% CI): | Sibling with hypospadias, previous maternal history of stillbirth |
<2500Â g: 3.42 (2.83-4.13) | |||||
2500-2599: 1.76 (1.47-2.10) | |||||
Carmichael (2003) [4] | California, USA (1984–1997) | 5838 | NA | Presence of LBW in hypospadias: | White ethnicity, maternal education, maternal age, parity |
Adjusted RR (95% CI) | |||||
<1500Â g: 2.46 (1.65-3.68) to 57.5 (31.8-104) depending on severity and other anomalies | |||||
1500-2499Â g: 2.16 (1.73-2.69) to 18.8 (12.4-28.5) | |||||
Carlson (2009) [58] | Nova Scotia, Canada (1980–2007) | 995 | NA | Birth weight in different severities of hypospadias: | Maternal age |
Adjusted OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.00 | |||||
Ghirri (2009) [59] | Italy (2001–2004) | 234 | SGA: <10 percentile for gestational age | Prevalence of hypospadias in SGA: | None |
5.28 per 1000 live births (compared to 2.56 per 1000 in AGA), p < 0.01 | |||||
Significance only in moderate-severe hypospadias | |||||
Nordenvall (2014) [13] | Sweden (1973–2009) | 7974 | SGA: <2 SD below mean | Presence of SGA in hypospadias: | Parental origin, maternal body mass index, in vitro fertilization, twin pregnancy |
Adjusted OR (95% CI): | |||||
4.15 (3.87-4.56) |