Table 3 Univariate analysis: Factors associated with BMD Z-score ≤ - 2

Indication for DXA (reported on referral form)

Gastrointestinal disease*

14 (13.7%)

53 (26.2%)

0.013

Osteopenia noted on a prior x-ray

13 (12.8%)

17 (8.4%)

0.232

Hypogonadism or delayed puberty

23 (22.6%)

60 (29.7%)

0.186

Chronic disease associated with bone loss

51 (50.0%)

46 (22.8%)

<0.001

Risk Factors

25OHD insufficiency (< 30 ng/mL)

68 (66.7%)

91 (45.1%)

<0.001

Family history of osteoporosis

23 (22.6%)

26 (12.9%)

0.009

Has reached menarche (females only)

26 (47.3%)

95 (68.4%)

0.012

Amenorrhea (females only)

12 (35.3%)

53 (51.5%)

0.257

Delayed puberty (males only)

5 (10.9%)

5 (7.8%)

0.649

Fracture History**

42 (42.4%)

62 (31.0%)

0.051

Eating disorder

8 (7.8%)

26 (12.9%)

0.189

Cerebral palsy and/or non-ambulatory

22 (21.6%)

4 (2.0%)

<0.001

Cystic fibrosis

6 (5.9%)

7 (3.5%)

0.371

Malnutrition §

17 (16.7%)

26 (12.9%)

0.370

Malabsorption or IBD

17 (16.7%)

64 (31.7%)

0.005

Osteogenisis imperfecta

3 (2.9%)

2 (0.99%)

0.339

Recipient of an organ transplant

5 (4.9%)

2 (1.0%)

0.032

Prior treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy

8 (7.8%)

11 (5.5%)

0.415

Recipient of a bone marrow transplant

7 (6.9%)

2 (1.0%)

0.008

Glucocorticoid use ( > 2 weeks)

39 (38.2%)

74 (36.6%)

0.785

Anticonvulsant use

19 (18.6%)

13 (6.4%)

0.001

History of prematurity ‡

9 (8.8%)

10 (4.9%)

0.022

Height z score (Mean + SD)

-1.15 + 1.5

-0.37 + 1.2

<0.001

BMI z score (Mean + SD)

-0.4 + 1.1

0.2 + 1.1

<0.001