Table 1 Factors associated with increased incidence of SGA birth

Karyotypic

Medical conditions

Gross structural placental factors

Maternal age

-Trisomy 21

-Hypertension

-Single umbilical artery

-Very young age

-Trisomy 18

-Renal disease

-Placental hemangiomas

-Older age

-Monosomy X

-Diabetes mellitus

-Infarcts, focal lesions

Maternal height

-Trisomy 13

-Collagen vascular diseases

Insufficient uteroplacental perfusion

Maternal weight

Chromosomal abnormalities

-Maternal hypoxemia

-Suboptimal implantation site

Maternal and paternal race

-Autosomal deletion

Infection

Placenta previa

History of SGA

-Ring chromosomes

-Toxoplasmosis

Low-lying placenta

Genetic diseases

-Rubella

Placental abruption

-Achondroplasia

-Cytomegalovirus

-Bloom syndrome

-Herpesvirus

Congenital anomalies

-Malaria

-Potter syndrome

-Trypanosomiasis

-Cardiac abnormalities

-HIV

Nutritional status

-Low prepregnancy weight

-Low pregnancy weight

Substance use/abuse

-Cigarette smoking

-Alcohol

-Illicit drugs

-Therapeutic drugs