Celiac Disease and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Diagnostic and Treatment Dilemmas

Table 3 Levels of GFD Compliance in Pediatric Populations.

Author	Country		Age	Length of Follow-up	Mode of Follow-up	GFD Compliance (%)
Westman et al. 1999 [67]	Australia	20 CD + DM	6.9–17.4	N/A	7 day food record	30 (strict)
						30 (trace gluten diet)
						40 (non-compliant)
Mariani et al. 1998 [68]	Italy	47 CD		N/A	Diary	53.2 (compliant)
					EMA*	46.8 (non-compliant)
Greco et al. 1997 [69]	Italy	306 CD	12	Unclear	Diary	73 (strict)
					GI consultant	15 (occasional gluten)
					Repeat Biopsy	12 (frequent transgressions/full gluten-containing diet)
van Koppen et al. 2009 [70]	Netherlands	32 CD	12–14	10 years	Interview	81 (compliant)
						19 (non-compliant)
Saadah et al. 2004 [71]	Australia	21 CD + DM	7.5	1 year	Structured telephone questionnaire	25.0 (Excellent)
						60.0 (Good)
						5.0 (Fair)
						10 (Poor)
Wagner et al. 2008 [72]	Austria	283 CD	10–20	N/A	Questionnaire	80.8 (strict)
						14.9 (2-3 transgressions/month)
						4.3 (more frequent transgressions)
Hopman et al. 2006 [73]	Netherlands	132 CD		N/A	Questionnaire	75 (strict)
						23 (occasional consumption)
						2 (non-compliant)
Jadresin et al. 2008 [74]	Croatia	71 CD	12		Questionnaire	53 (strict)
						26.4 (small amounts of gluten)
						20.6 (non-compliant)
Fabiani et al. 1996 [61]	Italy	28 CD	11–14	months	Questionnaire	52.2 (strict)
					EMA	47.8 (occasional transgression)
Rami et al. 2005 [38]	Austria	74 CD + DM		years	EMA	44.6 (compliant)
						55.4 (non-compliant)
Anson et al. 1990 [75]	Israel	43 CD	18		Assessment of symptoms, biopsy and antireticulin antibodies	70 (compliant)
						28 (non-compliant)
						2 (unclassified)

ISSN: 1687-9856