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Table 1

From: Hormonal Regulators of Appetite

Hunger

Hormone

Primary location of production

Receptors

Action

Hypothalamus

    
 

NPY

Medial arcuate nucleus (also widespread in CNS)

Y1, Y5

Stimulating feeding and antagonizing POMC actions

 

AgRP

Medial arcuate nucleus

MC3R and MC4R antagonist

Stimulating feeding

Peripheral peptides

    
 

Ghrelin

Stomach

GHS-R1a

Stimulating feeding by increasing NPY/AgRP and antagonizing leptin effects

Satiety

    

Hypothalamus

    
 

POMC/-MSH

Arcuate nucleus

MC3R and MC4R

Inhibiting feeding, stimulating basal metabolic rate, and altering nutrient partitioning

 

CART

Arcuate nucleus

 

Inhibiting feeding

Peripheral peptides

    
 

CCK

Duodenum, jejunum

CCK-A, CCK-B

Inhibiting feeding and Stimulating pancreatic secretion, gall bladder contraction, intestinal motility, and inhibition of gastric motility

 

PYY

Ileum, colon, rectum

Y2

Inhibiting feeding by inhibition of NPY and stimulation of POMC

 

PP

Endocrine pancreas

Y4, Y5

Inhibiting feeding

 

Oxyntomodulin

Distal ileum and colon

GLP-1 receptor

Inhibiting gastric acid secretion, decreasing gastric emptying, and decreasing pancreatic enzyme secretion

 

GLP-1

Distal ileum and colon

GLP-1 receptor

Delaying gastric emptying, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, and stimulating somatostatin secretion

 

GIP

Stomach, duodenum, jejunum

GIP receptor

Glucose-dependent insulin secretion, induction of cell proliferation, promotion of energy storage, enhancement of bone formation

 

Insulin

Endocrine pancreas

Insulin receptor

Inhibiting feeding

 

Leptin

Adipose tissue

Leptin receptor, Ob-Rb

Inhibiting NPY and AgRP and Stimulating POMC and CART

 

Adiponectin

Adipose tissue

Adipo R1, R2

Inhibiting feeding