Hunger | Hormone | Primary location of production | Receptors | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothalamus | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | NPY | Medial arcuate nucleus (also widespread in CNS) | Y1, Y5 | Stimulating feeding and antagonizing POMC actions |
 | AgRP | Medial arcuate nucleus | MC3R and MC4R antagonist | Stimulating feeding |
Peripheral peptides | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Ghrelin | Stomach | GHS-R1a | Stimulating feeding by increasing NPY/AgRP and antagonizing leptin effects |
Satiety | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypothalamus | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | POMC/-MSH | Arcuate nucleus | MC3R and MC4R | Inhibiting feeding, stimulating basal metabolic rate, and altering nutrient partitioning |
 | CART | Arcuate nucleus |  | Inhibiting feeding |
Peripheral peptides | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | CCK | Duodenum, jejunum | CCK-A, CCK-B | Inhibiting feeding and Stimulating pancreatic secretion, gall bladder contraction, intestinal motility, and inhibition of gastric motility |
 | PYY | Ileum, colon, rectum | Y2 | Inhibiting feeding by inhibition of NPY and stimulation of POMC |
 | PP | Endocrine pancreas | Y4, Y5 | Inhibiting feeding |
 | Oxyntomodulin | Distal ileum and colon | GLP-1 receptor | Inhibiting gastric acid secretion, decreasing gastric emptying, and decreasing pancreatic enzyme secretion |
 | GLP-1 | Distal ileum and colon | GLP-1 receptor | Delaying gastric emptying, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, and stimulating somatostatin secretion |
 | GIP | Stomach, duodenum, jejunum | GIP receptor | Glucose-dependent insulin secretion, induction of cell proliferation, promotion of energy storage, enhancement of bone formation |
 | Insulin | Endocrine pancreas | Insulin receptor | Inhibiting feeding |
 | Leptin | Adipose tissue | Leptin receptor, Ob-Rb | Inhibiting NPY and AgRP and Stimulating POMC and CART |
 | Adiponectin | Adipose tissue | Adipo R1, R2 | Inhibiting feeding |